Chinese grammar

Comparison with 比 (bǐ)

A + 比 + B + Adjective (+ degree)

Aspect particle 了 for completion

Subject + Verb + 了 + Object (often quantified)

Le₁ — Completed action (post-verb 了)

Subject + Verb + 了 + (Object) Negation: 没(有) + Verb (DROP 了) Question: Verb + 了 + Object + 吗? / Verb + 了 + 没有?

Le₂ — Change of state (sentence-final 了)

Sentence + 了 (Adj / Noun / Verb-phrase) + 了 Negation of change: 不 / 没 (no 了)

会 vs 能 vs 可以 (can/able)

Subject + 会/能/可以 + Verb

Degree complement with 得

Subject + Verb + 得 + Adjective/Adverb

因为…所以… (because…so…)

因为 + Reason, 所以 + Result

Progressive: 在 / 正在 / 呢

Subject + (正)在 + Verb (+ Object) (+ 呢) | Subject + 在 + Place

Simultaneous actions: (一)边…(一)边… and 又…又…

一边 + V₁ + 一边 + V₂ (two actions at the same time) 又 + V/Adj₁ + 又 + V/Adj₂ (both A and B together) NEVER: V₁ + 和 + V₂

一边…一边… (doing two things at once)

Subject + 一边 + Verb 1 + 一边 + Verb 2

Resultative Complements (完 / 好 / 到 / 见 / 懂 / 会)

Verb + Result (完/好/到/见/懂/会) + (了) + (Object) Negation: 没 + Verb + Result Question: Verb + Result + 了 + 吗？ / Verb + 没 + Verb + Result？

Potential Complements (V得/不+Result)

Verb + 得 + Result/Direction (يمكن) | Verb + 不 + Result/Direction (لا يمكن) | Question: V得R V不R ?

如果…就… (if…then…)

如果 + Condition, Subject + 就 + Result

The 把 (bǎ) disposal structure

Subject + 把 + (definite) Object + Verb + Complement / 了 / Resultative / Directional

Directional Complements (来/去 and compound)

Verb + 来/去 | Verb + (上/下/进/出/回/过) + 来/去 | Verb + Direction + Place + 来/去

The 是…的 emphasis structure

Affirmative: Subject + 是 + [time/place/manner/who] + Verb + (Object) + 的 Negative: Subject + 不是 + [...] + Verb + 的 Question: Subject + 是 + 什么时候/在哪儿/怎么/跟谁 + Verb + 的？

虽然…但是… (although…but…)

虽然 + Clause 1, 但是 + Clause 2

The 被 (bèi) passive structure

Receiver + 被 + (Doer) + Verb + Complement/了